SUBSTITUTIONS

* 1 cup all-purpose flour =1 cup plus 2 tablespoon cake flour
* 1 cup cake flour = 1 cup minus 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
* 1 cup self-rising flour = 1 cup all-purpose flour, 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder, and 1/2 teaspoon salt.
* 1 teaspoon baking powder = 1 teaspoon baking soda plus 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar.
* 1 tablespoon cornstarch = 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour.
* 1 tablespoon tapioca = 1 1/2 tablespoons all-purpose flour.
* 1 package active dry yeast = 2 1/4 teaspoons dry or 1 package compressed yeast.
* 1 cup dry bread crumbs = 3/4 cup cracker crumbs.
* 1 cup packed brown sugar = 1 cup granulated sugar or 2 cups powdered sugar, plus 1 tablespoon molasses.
* 1 cup honey = 1 1/4 cups sugar plus 1/4 cup liquid or 1 cup corn syrup or molasses.
* 1 cup milk = 1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water
* 1 cup buttermilk or sour milk = 1 tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice plus sweet milk to equal 1 cup.
* 1 cup heavy cream = 3/4 cup skim milk plus 1/3 cup butter.
* 1 cup sour cream = 7/8 cup sour milk plus 3 tablespoons butter.
* 1 cup yogurt = 1 cup buttermilk or sour milk.
* 1 cup whipping cream, whipped = 2 cups whipped dessert topping.
* 2 large eggs = 3 small eggs.
* 1 egg = 2 egg yolks (for custards).
* 1 egg = 2 egg yolks plus 1 tablespoon water (for cookies).
* 1 ounce unsweetened chocolate = 3 tablespoons baking cocoa plus 1 tablespoon shortening, butter or margarine.
* 1 ounce semisweet chocolate = 1 ounce unsweetened chocolate plus 1 tablespoon sugar.
* 1 cup catsup; ketchup = 1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup sugar and 2 tablespoons vinegar.
* 1 tablespoon prepared mustard = 1 teaspoon dry mustard.
* 1 teaspoon lemon juice = 1 teaspoon vinegar.
* 1 cup wine = 1 cup apple juice, apple cider, chicken or beef broth.
* 1 clove of garlic = 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder or 1/8 teaspoon instant minced garlic or 3/4 teaspoon garlic salt or 5 drops liquid garlic.
* 1 medium onion = 1 tablespoon dried minced onion or 1 teaspoon onion powder.
* 1 tablespoon fresh herbs = 1 teaspoon dried herbs or 1/4 teaspoon powdered herbs.
* 1/4 cup chopped fresh parsley = 1 tablespoon dried parsley flakes.
* 1 cup canned tomatoes = About 1 1/3 cups chopped tomato, simmered for 10 minutes.
* 1 cup tomato juice = 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water.
* 1 pound fresh mushrooms = 6 ounces canned mushrooms.